What was the role of Bihar in the Revolt of 1857?

Excavation work began in 1920 AD in Harappa under the leadership of Dayaram Sahni and in 1922 AD in Mohenjodaro under the leadership of Rakhaldas Banerjee. In 1923, excavations were carried out on a large scale under the leadership of Sir John Marshall on behalf of the Indian Department of Archeology. In addition, Mackay, N. G. Mazumdar, Sir Arelstein, H. Hargreaves, Stuart Piggatt, Wheeler, Ranganatha Rao, A. Ghosh, Sankaliya etc. further the adoption work. As a result, important details about Harappan culture were discovered.

 1. The expansion of Harappan civilization: The remnants of the Harappan civilization have been found not only in Mohenjodaro and Harappa, but also in other places. Harappan civilization

 Large areas were obtained from the following provinces

 (i) Balochistan: Sutkagendor, Sutkakoh, Balakot, Dabarkot. 

(ii) Sindh: Mohenjodaro, Chanhudaro, Kotdiji, Alimurid.

 (iii) Punjab (Pakistan): Harappa, Jalilpur, Rahmandheri, Saraikhola, Ganeriwal. 

(iv) Punjab (India): Ropar, Sanghol, Bada, Kotlanihangkhan. 

(v) Haryana: Banawali, Mitathal, Rakhigarhi. 

(vi) Jammu and Kashmir: Manda. 

(vii) Rajasthan: Kalibanga.

 (viii) Uttar Pradesh: Alamgirpur (Meerut), Ambakhedi (Saharanpur), Kaushambi.

 (ix) Gujarat: Rangpur, Lothal, Rojdi, Surkotda, Malvan, Bhagavatrao, Dhauliwar. Thus the expansion of Harappan culture was widespread in Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Sindh, Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab (India), Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat and the Ganges valley in North India. Drs. Vimal Chandra Pandey states: "The Harappan civilization was not limited to the Indus River basin, but its territory was very wide. In modern geographical names, the region includes Baluchistan, North West Province, Jab, Sindh, Kathiawar.

 Professor R. N. According to Rao, "The Harappan civilization spread 1,500 miles [1,600 km] from east to west and 1100 km from north to south." Pro. The Garden Child states that "the Harappan civilization covered an area much larger than that of Egypt." The current level of Harappan civilization is about 1.5 million square kilometers.

 2. City Planning: The following are the key features of town planning in Harappan culture.

 【●】Cities: Harappan towns are built with a clear plan. The Harappans were very skilled at building the city. Larger cities are scientifically designed and highly organized. The striking similarities and similarities are reflected in the base plan, architectural style and housing plan of these cities. From this it is known that the Harappans used to plan cities and were skilled engineers who designed and built these cities and buildings. According to Drs. McKay, upon seeing those remains, one feels as if they were the remains of a modern city in Lancashire.

 Usually part of the 'fort' is located to the west of each city and to the east 'part of the town' is located at the lower level where the common people lived. Senior officials lived in the castle. The most important buildings in the community are found in this section. A brick wall encloses the fortress.

【●】 Roads: The streets of Harappan cities are also built on a clear plan. These roads ran from east to west and from north to south. In this way each city was divided into several sections along these roads. Each section usually measured 800 x 1200. The roads were wide enough to cut at right angles. 

The main roads of Mohenjodaro were 33 meters wide. Some roads are also wide enough to be easily accessible by car. Although all the roads were muddy, great care was taken to clean it up. There was a garbage collection system in various places. Large pots or potholes were built along the roadside to dump garbage. Road cleanliness was maintained. Dr. McKay says that "the road was designed in such a way that the wind itself continued to clear the roads." These streets were full of streets.

The city streets ranged from 4 to 9 feet in diameter. The routes are also straightforward and definitely built in a systematic way. High-rise platforms were found on both sides of the road in Mohenjodaro. Maybe shopkeepers will be selling their wares sitting on these. In some places restaurants are built along the road. on the streets .There were houses built on both sides of it and all those houses were the same. 

【●】 Pipelines: An urban water supply was installed. There was a canal in the gutters and a ditch for each house used to get there. All roads were paved with drainage ditches, and sewage was covered with bricks or stones. Pipes were also made of clay, lime and gypsum and applied to the plaster. Drains from houses or drains are used for mixing in road ditches, on the street. Similarly, the city's tallest pipes were often connected to canals and canals. Through this program, wastewater from homes, roads and highways is drained from the city. 

There was also a plan to clean these drains periodically. Elsewhere along the shoreline, holes are found. Most likely, after cleaning the pipes, trash, sand and mud from them were placed in these holes. Somewhere between the long trenches, holes were dug. The debris used to pile up in these and the flow of canals remained undisturbed.

 These streams of Harappan civilization have always been a matter of wonder to the people of the world, as they were practiced in European countries about the eighteenth century. According to Sir John Marshall, “there was no such system of water system under any civilization at that time.”

【●】Water: Almost every house in Harappa had a well. Archaeologists have unearthed sources whose dimensions range from six feet [2 m] to 20 feet [7 m]. Ft. All Harappan springs were usually round and had a wall in their mouth. The water was drawn with the help of a rope. Some wells had stairs built into it. With the help of these, they go to the wells and purify it. We used to go

【●】Public Bathing: The most important feature of Mohenjodaro is the large bath found here. It is 180 meters long and 108 meters wide and its outer wall is 8 cubits wide. It has a bath pool 39 meters long, 23 feet wide and 8 meters deep. There are stairs made of solid bricks to go down. Its walls are very strong. Its walls and floors are made of solid bricks. The floor tiles and walls are covered with gypsum. A gallery, verandah and rooms are built around the bathroom. Enough arrangements were made to drain the water from the bathtub. 

A southwest drain was built to extract its wastewater. This shows that the bath pool was cleaned from time to time. There is a well near the bathhouse where water can be filled in the bathtub. There is also a hammam near the bathhouse where hot water may have been arranged for bathing. There were verandahs around the bathroom and behind them were many rooms. Perhaps these were small bathrooms. With the design of this bath, the engineer at that time should definitely be congratulated.

 There are characters who have made a dam so big and strong that even after 5000 years it is well protected.

【●】Architecture: The Harappans were skilled in the art of architecture. Urban housing here is done according to plan. The houses of the Harappan people were usually made of bricks. At the Harappa excavation, ruins of all kinds, large and small, were discovered. The smaller houses had four or five rooms, and the larger houses had more rooms. Paved bricks were used to build houses. Pucca bricks measure 5.50 x 2.25 x 2.75 and large bricks are 11 × 5.50 × 3.75. Sometimes a large eto would measure 20.25 x 8.50 x 2.25.

 Most houses are built on a foundation. Sometimes houses were built on stilts to protect them from water or floods. Clay mortar was widely used in bricklaying. Clay mortar was used for walls, and sometimes gypsum cement was used. The floors and ceilings of houses were sometimes made of mud, sometimes of green bricks and sometimes of pucca bricks. To draw water from the roof, it was made of mud or wood. These came out of the roof and met the canals built on the road. Similarly, there was a water system to drain water inside the house. Streams came out and mixed with canals.

 The air and light were taken care of during the construction of the houses. In the houses, there was a yard arrangement, a kitchen, a bathroom, a toilet, a door, windows, roof lights and more in the corner near the door, there were toilets and toilets. The doors and windows of the houses were not facing the highways but to the sidewalks. The doors and the roof were made of wood. The houses had more than one floor. There were stairs leading to the thighs or to the top. These were made of solid bricks. Almost every house had springs.